hi') 


The  Executive  Committee  of  the  Association 
for  International  Conciliation  wish  to  arouse  the 
interest  of  the  American  people  in  the  progress  of 
the  movement  for  promoting  international  peace 
and  relations  of  comity  and  good  fellowship 
between  nations.  To  this  end  they  print  and 
circulate  documents  giving  information  as  to  the 
progress  of  these  movements,  in  order  that  indi'^ 
vidual  citizens,  the  newspaper  press,  and  organi- 
zations of  various  kinds  may  have  readily  available 
accurate  information  on  these  subjects.  A list  of 
publications  will  be  found  on  page  15. 


JAPANESE  CHARACTERISTICS 

In  the  present  condition  of  the  Eastern  world  it  is 
highly  desirable  that  the  American  people,  and  indeed, 
all  the  Occidental  peoples,  should  come  to  know  well 
the  qualities  and  ambitions  of  the  Japanese  people. 
Having  had  the  opportunity  of  observing  carefully  a 
succession  of  intelligent  Japanese  students  at  Harvard 
University,  a succession  which  began  in  1871-2,  having 
known  personally  several  of  Japan’s  leaders  since  the 
Restoration  of  1868  and  many  Americans  who  have 
served  in  Japan  as  teachers,  and  having  recently  had 
a favorable  opportunity  of  talking  with  a considerable 
number  of  Japan’s  leading  men  on  Japanese  social  con- 
ditions, industries,  and  government  policies,  I desire 
to  put  my  observations  on  the  Japanese  at  the  disposi- 
tion of  thinking  Americans,  through  the  medium  of 
the  American  Association  for  International  Concilia- 
tion. 

The  Japanese  are,  as  a race,  distinct  from  other 
Orientals.  They  are  unlike  the  Chinese,  the  Siamese, 
the  Javanese,  or  the  natives  of  India.  Their  physi- 
cal, mental,  and  moral  characteristics  distinguish  them 
from  other  Oriental  races ; their  social  and  political  his- 
tory has  been  different;  and  since  the  Restoration  of 
1868  they  have  taken  on  Western  civilization  with 
a rapidity  and  a skilful  adaptation  to  their  own  civili- 
zation which  no  other  Oriental  nation  has  ever  ap- 
proached. They  have  seized  upon  Occidental  law, 
economics,  and  science,  and  made  all  the  modern  ap- 
plications of  these  knowledges  with  marvellous  alacrity 
and  intelligence.  They  have  built  up  a great  system 
of  public  instruction  from  the  primary  school  through 

3 


the  university,  at  first  in  the  higher  grades  with  the 
aid  of  many  foreign  teachers,  now  replaced  for  the 
most  part  by  native  teachers.  They  have  learned  and 
put  into  practice  all  the  Occidental  methods  of  war- 
fare on  sea  and  land,  and  have  proved  that  they  can 
face  in  battle  not  only  the  yellow  races,  but  the  white. 
They  possess  in  high  degree  intelligence,  inventive- 
ness, commercial  and  industrial  enterprise,  strength  of 
will,  and  moral  persistence. 

With  extraordinary  rapidity  the  Japanese  have  in- 
troduced into  their  country  the  factory  system,  and 
all  the  instrumentalities  and  means  for  developing 
large-scale  manufactures,  transportation  systems,  and 
the  financial  institutions,  such  as  banks  and  insurance 
companies,  which  make  possible  great  industrial  devel- 
opments. They  have  built  many  railroads,  though  not 
enough,  many  street  railway  lines,  bought  and  built 
admirable  steamships  for  both  freight  and  passenger 
traffic,  established  hundreds  of  banks,  introduced  into 
the  country  insurance  of  all  kinds;  and  all  these  in- 
dustrial and  commercial  institutions  they  conduct  and 
operate  with  astonishing  success.  Great  steamship 
lines  run  both  east  and  west  from  Japan,  and  far  to 
the  south.  In  all  these  vast  undertakings  the  Japanese 
have  had  the  advantage  of  copying  models  or  types  al- 
ready in  existence  among  the  Western  nations ; but 
they  have  shown  remarkable  capacity  not  only  in  im- 
itation, but  in  adaptation  of  Western  institutions  and 
processes  to  Japanese  conditions.  In  adopting  the 
Western  methods  of  taxation  and  government  finance, 
they  have  in  some  instances  bettered  Western  practice. 
For  example,  when  the  Japanese  government  decided 
to  substitute  the  gold  for  the  silver  standard,  the  Jap- 
anese leaders  studied  carefully  the  experience  of  the 
United  States  in  going  from  paper  and  silver  money  to 
gold,  and  accomplished  in  two  years  a difficult  process 

4 


which  in  the  United  States  took  thirteen  years.  Japan 
learnt  quickly  and  easily  the  art  of  borrowing  money 
heavily  for  war  purposes,  and  also  appreciated  much 
sooner  than  many  a European  nation  has  done  that 
she  had  got  to  the  end  of  her  tether  in  borrowing. 
Her  factory  system  is  feasible  at  present,  but  will  soon 
become  impossible ; for  the  labor  is  done  under  condi- 
tions which  do  not  now  exist  in  any  other  civilized 
country,  and  indeed,  have  not  existed  in  Europe  since 
the  first  quarter  of  the  nineteenth  century.  The  Jap- 
anese are  well  aware  that  the  conditions  of  labor  in 
their  factories  must  be  ameliorated,  with  a resulting  in- 
crease in  the  cost  of  their  manufactured  goods,  and 
have  already  adopted  laws  for  the  regulation  of  hours 
and  conditions  of  labor,  the  execution  of  which  they 
have  postponed  for  a few  years. 

The  Japanese  have  seized  upon  all  the  applied 
sciences  developed  in  Europe  and  America  during  the 
last  century,  particularly  on  the  sciences  subsidiary 
to  medicine  and  surgery,  have  established  all  the  means 
a,nd  instrumentalities  of  preventive  medicine  through- 
out the  Empire,  and  have  created  a well-trained  pro- 
fession of  medicine.  Their  point  of  view  in  respect 
to  the  prevention  of  disease  and  premature  death  is 
that  of  efficiency.  They  fight  cholera,  smallpox,  bu- 
bonic plague,  beri-beri,  and  all  the  ordinary  contagious 
diseases,  in  order  that  the  working  efficiency  of  the 
population  may  be  maintained  at  a high  level.  Where- 
ever  the  government  has  under  control  large  numbers 
of  men  and  women,  as,  for  example,  in  the  army,  the 
navy,  the  police  force,  the  public  hospitals,  asylums, 
and  convalescent  stations,  they  force  changes  of  diet 
on  the  persons  under  authority.  For  instance,  they 
mix  barley  with  the  rice,  or  they  put  more  meat  or  fish 
into  the  rations  issued.  Beri-beri  was  driven  out  of 
the  navy  by  compulsory  changes  in  the  rations,  whereby 

5 


the  men  got  more  protein  substance  in  their  food.  In 
all  such  government  activities  the  motive  is  to  in- 
crease the  efficiency  of  the  army,  navy,  police,  or 
laboring  population.  In  all  their  dealings  with  con- 
tagious disease  they  enforce  strictly  all  the  measures 
of  isolation  and  segregation  which  the  experience  of 
the  world  has  proved  efficacious,  and  they  use  with 
the  utmost  intelligence  all  the  means  of  prevention, 
and  also  all  the  remedies  or  means  of  cure  which  ex- 
perience in  any  part  of  the  world  has  shown  to  be 
effective.  These  practices  prove  great  intelligence  not 
only  in  the  government,  but  also  in  the  common  peo- 
ple as  a whole ; and  the  results  of  their  practices  in 
preventive  medicine,  in  their  hospitals  and  dispen- 
saries, and  in  their  treatment  of  private  cases  have 
more  than  equalled  that  of  any  Occidental  nation. 
Considering  that  it  is  only  forty-five  years  since  the 
profound  changes  in  Japanese  government  and  society 
began,  the  achievements  of  the  race  are  nothing  short 
of  marvellous.  They  prove  beyond  question  that  the 
Japanese  possess  as  a race  fine  physical,  mental,  and 
moral  endowments.  Their  dominant  sentiment  is  an 
intense  patriotism,  in  which  pride,  loyalty,  and  love 
are  ardently  united.  Are  they,  then,  a formidable  and 
dangerous  addition  to  the  competing  national  forces 
of  the  world?  Is  their  demonstrated  strength  dan- 
gerous to  the  peace  of  the  world  and  to  the  white  race  ? 

The  Japanese  are  not  a warlike  people,  in  spite  of 
the  fact  that  they  have  waged  within  a few  years  two 
wars  in  which  they  took  the  part  of  invaders.  The 
war  with  China  and  the  war  with  Russia  were  both  in 
reality  defensive  wars.  Over  against  Japan  on  the 
continent  of  Asia  two  huge  nations,  Russia  and  China, 
are  in  possession  of  immense  territories.  Bitter  ex- 
perience had  satisfied  the  Japanese  leaders  that  Japan 
would  not  be  safe  at  home  on  her  islands,  if  Korea 

6 


and  Korean  harbors  were  in  the  hands  of  either  one 
of  her  immensely  powerful  neighbors.  In  those  wars 
the  common  soldier’s  motive  was  an  intense  patriot- 
ism— not  love  of  glory  or  a natural  love  for  fighting, 
or  a desire  for  new  conquests  and  possessions. 

The  Japanese  are  not  a numerous  people.  They 
number  not  more  than  one-ninth  part  of  the  Chinese 
population,  or  more  than  one-third  of  the  population 
of  Russia,  and  less  than  one-half  of  the  population  of 
the  United  States. 

They  are  a homing  people.  They  are  commercially 
adventurous,  and  will  travel  far  and  wide  as  peddlers, 
or  in  search  of  trade  or  work;  but  they  are  not  colo- 
nists. The  Japanese  government  has  had  great  dif- 
ficulties in  inducing  Japanese  to  settle  in  Formosa; 
and  at  the  present  moment  it  has  a similar  difficulty 
in  Korea,  although  the  Korean  climate  resembles  that 
of  Japan.  A hot  climate  the  Japanese  dislike.  They 
would  have  no  more  use  for  the*  Philippines  than 
Americans  have.  If  a Japanese  trader  makes  money 
in  a foreign  country,  he  will  take  his  family  and  his 
money  back  to  Japan  as  soon  as  he  can.  Under 
favorable  conditions,  climatic,  industrial,  and  social,  a 
few  Japanese  might  really  settle  in  a foreign  land,  be- 
come naturalized,  and  let  their  children  lose  connec- 
tion with  Japan ; but  they  would  be  exceptional  persons. 

When  the  Japanese  go  abroad  on  business,  they  do 
not  intermarry  with  women  of  the  foreign  races.  At 
home  or  abroad,  they  keep  their  race  pure,  thus  af- 
fording a surprising  contrast  to  the  white  race  when  in 
foreign  parts.  The  inexpedient  crossing  of  different 
races  will  not  be  promoted  by  the  Japanese  in  any 
part  of  the  world. 

The  desire  for  children  in  a Japanese  family  is 
intense.  The  women  are  as  a rule  fecund,  and  all 
mothers  nurse  their  babies.  Milk-producing  animals 

7 


having  been  scarce,  the  artificial  feeding  of  infants  has 
been  practically  unknown.  The  declining  or  * disap.- 
pearing  family  is  not  a common  phenomenon  in  Japan, 
as  it  is  in  France,  England,  and  the  United  States; 
a fact  which  is  evidence  that  the  general  conditions 
of  life  in  Japan  are  now  more  favorable  to  the  build- 
ing up  of  a strong,  enduring,  and  achieving  nation 
than  they  are  in  the  Occidental  countries  mentioned. 
In  short,  their  present  civilization  is  more  likely  to 
endure  by  the  century,  now  that  it  can  defend  itself 
against  attacks  from  without,  than  the  civilization  of 
several  Occidental  nations.  No  matter  what  the  in- 
tellectual achievements  of  a nation  may  be,  they  will 
all  be  lost  as  time  goes  on,  if  the  physical  bases  of 
the  national  life  cease  to  be  wholesome,  and  natural 
child-bearing  declines  through  the  effects  of  vice  or  any 
sort  of  physical  degeneracy.  No  Oriental  race  seems 
to  suffer  as  the  white  races  suffer  from  the  alcoholic 
temptation;  and  the  venereal  diseases  do  not  seem  to 
have  been  so  destructive  among  any  Oriental  people 
as  they  now  are  among  the  white  races.  The  danger- 
ous opium  habit  is  Chinese,  but  not  Japanese.  The 
Japanese  nation  is  not  threatened,  as  the  American 
people  are,  with  increase  in  the  number  of  defectives 
in  mind  or  body  who  breed  their  like  without  restraint. 
The  physical  and  moral  conditions  of  Japanese  society 
have  not  developed  this  hideous  evil,  to  the  existence 
of  which  the  Occidental  nations  have  only  lately 
awakened.  The  Japanese  have  had  no  such  legislation 
as  that  which  in  Massachusetts  requires  defective  chil- 
dren, who  have  been  kept  under  guardianship  until 
they  are  twenty-one  years  of  age,  to  be  set  free  from 
all  restraint  at  that  age,  with  the  general  result  that  the 
discharged  young  people  fall  at  once  into  vicious  ways, 
from  lack  of  experience  and  self-control. 

The  Japanese  are  enterprising  industrial  people  and 

8 


keen  traders,  but  at  the  present  day  they  can  be  satis- 
factorily dealt  with  by  foreigners  with  no  greater 
precautions  than  are  usually  taken  by  prudent  men  of 
business  in  dealing  with  Occidental  peoples.  This  fact 
is  one  of  the  results  of  universal  education  in  Japan; 
for  under  the  Japanese  feudal  system  the  trader  held 
the  lowest  place  in  the  social  structure,  because  in  the 
Japanese  view  he  was  not  a producer.  Good  business 
ethics  and  particularly  the  sanctity  of  contracts  have 
now  been  taught  in  all  Japanese  schools  for  more  than 
a generation ; and  the  Imperial  Government  has  recog- 
nized the  importance  of  commerce  and  trade  in  modern 
civilization  by  conferring  titles  and  other  distinctions 
on  successful  and  serviceable  business  men.  The 
American  agents  in  Japan  of  large  American  corpora- 
tions, such  as  the  Standard  Oil  Company  and  the 
Singer  Sewing  Machine  Company,  declare  without 
reservation  that  the  Japanese  are  just  as  satisfactory 
people  to  deal  with  as  the  Americans.  Casual  tourists, 
who  see  nothing  of  the  Japanese  except  in  the  hotels 
and  in  the  few  shops  for  foreigners  which  they  visit, 
sometimes  get  the  impression  that  much  chaffering  is 
necessary  in  order  to  obtain  Japanese  wares  at  proper 
prices ; but  this  is  not  a characteristic  habit  of  Japanese 
dealers  among  themselves,  and  even  the  foreigner  will 
find  it  easy  to  discover  in  any  considerable  Japanese 
city  or  town  shops  where  the  prices  are  just  as  fixed 
as  they  are  in  American  department  stores,  and  are 
equally^  plainly  marked  on  the  goods  offered  for  sale. 
There  has  long  been  current  among  foreigners  resident 
in  the  Orient  the  statement  that  the  Chinese  are 
honest,  and  the  Japanese  dishonest,  and  that  the  Jap- 
anese do  not  trust  each  other,  but  employ  Chinese 
cashiers  and  accountants  in  their  banks  and  shops. 
The  fact  is,  that  there  is  not  a Chinese  cashier  or 
accountant  in  any  one  of  the  hundreds  of  banks  in 

9 


Japan.  From  top  to  bottom,  the  employees  in  Jap- 
anese banks,  insurance  offices,  and  all  considerable 
mercantile  offices  are  Japanese.  It  is  many  years  since 
there  was  any  foundation  in  fact  for  the  saying 
common  among  American  and  English  merchants  in 
the  East,  “You  may  sell  anything  for  future  delivery 
to  a Chinese,  but  nothing  to  a J apanese.”  Large  busi- 
ness in  Japan,  as  everywhere  else  in  the  world,  is  done 
on  credit,  and  involves  being  trusted  by  a multitude  of 
people,  and  also  trusting  a multitude.  As  a rule  the 
mutual  confidence  is  justified;  but  in  Japan,  as  else- 
where, it  is  sometimes  betrayed. 

The  Japanese  are  accused,  chiefly  by  Occidental  army 
and  navy  men,  of  intending  to  “dominate  the  Pacific,” 
and  to  seize  upon  the  insular  possessions  of  other  na- 
tions in  the  Pacific.  There  is  no  truth  in  these  accusa- 
tions. All  Japanese  statesmen  and  political  philoso- 
phers recognize  the  fact  that  Japan  is,  and  always  will 
be,  unable  to  “dominate  the  Pacific.”  No  one  nation 
in  the  world  could  possibly  control  the  Pacific  Ocean. 
For  that  purpose  a combination  of  at  least  four  powers 
having  powerful  navies  would  be  necessary.  Five  or 
six  powers  combined,  such,  for  example,  as  Great 
Britain,  Germany,  France,  the  United  States,  Japan, 
and  Russia,  or  Italy,  could  do  it,  and  at  the  same  time 
“dominate”  all  the  other  oceans  and  seas.  There  are 
many  who  think  such  a control  by  combination  would 
be  desirable.  All  Japanese  leaders  recognize  that  it 
would  be  impossible  for  either  Japan  or  the  United 
States  to  send  an  army  of  a hundred  thousand  men 
with  their  baggage,  munitions,  animals,  and  stores 
across  the  Pacific  Ocean  in  safety,  although  the  fleet 
should  be  convoyed  by  scores  of  battleships  and 
armored  cruisers.  The  means  of  attack  at  night  on  a 
wide-extended  fleet  in  motion,  by  almost  invisible  ves- 
sels, are  now  too  many  and  too  formidable.  If  by 

lO 


miracle  such  an  army  should  effect  a landing  on  either 
shore,  it  could  achieve  nothing  significant,  unless 
promptly  reinforced  by  a second  and  a third  expe- 
ditionary army  of  equal  size.  The  scale  of  modern 
warfare  among  civilized  nations  is  too  large  for  such 
remote  expeditions. 

Japan,  being  heavily  burdened  with  debts  incurred 
in  carrying  on  her  wars  with  China  and  Russia,  could 
not  borrow  the  money  necessary  in  these  days  for 
waging  aggressive  war  on  a large  scale  at  a distance — 
although  she  might  fight  successfully  a defensive 
war  at  or  near  home.  That  she  could  doubtless  do,  as 
many  other  poor  nations  have  done ; but  her  financial 
condition  is  such  that  she  will  be  prevented  from 
engaging  in  offensive  war  for  at  least  a generation  to 
come.  Moreover,  the  government  and  the  industries 
of  Japan  need  all  the  capital  which  Japanese  mer- 
chants, manufacturers,  and  financiers  can  possibly  ac- 
cumulate during  another  generation,  for  the  execu- 
tion of  public  works  and  the  expansion  of  industrial 
undertakings  at  home. 

The  commercial  and  industrial  interests  of  Japan 
require  peace  with  all  the  other  nations  of  the  world. 
There  is  no  interest  of  Japan  which  could  possibly  be 
promoted  by  war  with  the  United  States  or  any  other 
nation ; and,  conversely,  there  is  no  interest  of  the 
United  States  which  could  possibly  be  promoted  by 
war  with  Japan.  I was  repeatedly  assured  last  sum- 
mer in  Japan  that  such  was  the  opinion  of  every 
Japanese  statesman  and  man  of  business;  and  many  of 
the  gentlemen  with  whom  I talked  said  that  they  had 
never  met  any  Japanese  political  or  commercial  leader 
who  was  not  of  that  opinion.  The  entire  commerce 
between  Japan  and  the  United  States  is  for  the  mutual 
advantage  of  each  country;  and  the  United  States  is 
Japan’s  best  customer.  War  between  the  two  coun- 

II 


tries  is  not  to  be  thought  of ; and  to  suppose  that 
Japan  would  commit  an  act  of  aggression  against  the 
United  States  which  would  necessarily  cause  war  is 
wholly  unreasonable,  fantastic,  and  foolish,  the  product 
of  a morbid  and  timorous  imagination. 

The  right  state  of  mind  of  Americans  toward  Jap- 
anese is  one  of  hearty  goodwill  and  cordial  admiration. 
The  Japanese  should  have  every  privilege  in  the  United 
States  which  the  “most  favored  nation”  has;  and  that 
is  all  Japan  wants  from  the  United  States.  Her  states- 
men by  no  means  desire  any  extensive  migrations  of 
Japanese  people  to  other  lands.  On  the  contrary,  they 
want  Japanese  emigrants  to  settle  in  Japanese  ter- 
ritories. The  Japanese  home  industries  need  all  the 
labor  that  the  population  can  furnish.  The  Japanese 
economists  greatly  prefer  to  the  planting  of  Japanese 
capital  or  labor  in  foreign  lands  the  recent  methods  of 
planting  foreign  capital  in  Japan,  and  the  develop- 
ment of  Japanese  industries  at  home.  This  prefer- 
ence is  natural  and  judicious,  and  it  is  noticeable  that 
foreign  capital  is  promoting  in  Japan  the  new  kind  of 
industrial  development.  When  an  American  corpora- 
tion, which  is  conducting  at  home  a successful  in- 
dustry, sells  its  patents  and  methods  to  a Japanese 
body  of  capitalists,  and  then  takes  a considerable  por- 
tion of  the  stocks  and  bonds  of  the  Japanese  com- 
pany, American  capital  finds  a profitable  investment, 
the  Japanese  laborers  remain  at  home,  and  the  product 
of  the  Japanese  industry  is  sold  to  advantage  in  the 
markets  of  the  world. 

Religious  conditions  in  Japan  cannot  but  be  inter- 
esting to  all  the  Occidental  nations  whose  develop- 
ment has  been  strongly  influenced  by  the  Christian 
church.  Christians  of  all  sorts  who  take  any  interest 
in  the  Christian  propaganda  would  like  to  know  what 
sort  of  a reception  Japan  may  be  expected  to  give  to 

12 


Christian  dogmas,  creeds,  rituals,  and  ecclesiastical 
organizations^  Greek,  Roman,  or  Protestant,  Anglican, 
Lutheran,  Methodist,  Baptist,  or  Unitarian.  The  gov- 
ernment of  Japan  maintains  an  impartial  toleration 
of  all  the  religions  which  co-exist  within  the  Em- 
pire. To  the  government  Shintoists,  Buddhists,  Con- 
fucians,  and  Christians  all  stand  on  the  same  level, 
and  are  equally  entitled  to  protection  and  freedom  of 
worship.  Shintoism  is  hardly  a religion.  Any  Jap- 
anese will  say  of  himself  that  he  is  a Shintoist,  because 
he  is  Japanese.  Shintoism  gives  a strong  religious  sanc- 
tion to  patriotism ; and,  like  the  Chinese  Confucianism, 
expresses  itself  in  veneration  for  the  Emperor  and  for 
ancestors.  In  a Shinto  shrine  at  Tokyo  great  paper 
rolls  are  deposited,  which  bear  the  names  of  the 
Japanese  soldiers  from  that  district  who  were  killed 
in  the  war  with  Russia.  Twice  a year,  in  spring  and 
fall,  the  Japanese  nation,  by  the  Emperor,  the  great 
state  officials,  the  army,  and  the  navy,  goes  to  that 
shrine,  and  venerates  the  dead  whose  names  are  there 
recorded,  because  those  young,  men  died  for  their 
country  before  they  had  any  children  to  venerate  them. 
Therefore  the  nation  with  religious  solemnities  and 
military  pomp  takes  the  place  of  the  children  that 
never  were  born.  On  those  semi-annual  occasions  the 
railroads  of  Japan  offer  round-trip  tickets  at  greatly 
reduced  rates  to  the  relatives  of  the  dead,  that  they 
may  attend  the  ceremonies.  The  observance  recalls 
Memorial  Day  in  the  United  States ; but  the  services 
are  more  religious  in  character  and  more  impressive, 
because  the  nation  performs  them  rather  than  the  sur- 
viving comrades  of  the  dead.  That  Shinto  shrine  is 
the  barest  possible  room.  There  is  no  picture  or  image 
in  it,  and  no  furniture;  and  the  object  to  which  the 
short  and  simple  ritual  there  used  is  directed  is  a 
silken  screen  of  neutral  tone  on  which  there  is  no 

13 


writing.  If  such  an  observance  be  idolatrous,  as  some 
missionaries  affirm,  it  is  idolatry  without  an  idol  or 
even  a relic. 

The  Japanese  Buddhist  finds  the  transition  easy  to 
the  Roman,  Catholic  Church,  as  regards  both  beliefs 
and  religious  practices,  or  observances.  He  got  his 
Buddhism  as  an  importation  from  a foreign  country, 
so  that  he  is  not  wholly  unprepared  to  accept  another 
importation;  but  it  is  impossible  to  interest  a Japanese 
Buddhist,  or  a Chinese  Buddhist,  in  the  Christian  dog- 
mas and  creeds  which  have  had  high  historical  im- 
portance in  Europe  and  America.  He  can  see  no  sense 
in  them ; and  as  to  anchorites,  healers,  and  saints  he 
finds  the  Buddhist  religion  more  amply  equipped  with 
them  than  the  Christian. 

The  work  of  the  American  and  European  mission- 
aries in  Japan  has  been  greatly  hindered  by  the  divi- 
sions in  the  Christian  church,  divisions  attributable  to 
differences  in  dogmas,  creeds,  or  polity.  The  Japanese 
cannot  understand  such  reasons  for  division,  and  they 
cannot  be  interested  in  them.  If  Christianity  is  to  get 
a strong  hold  on  the  nation,  it  will  be  in  some  simple 
form  which  relies  chiefly  on  the  doctrines  that  GoJ  is 
love,  that  men  are  the  children  of  God  and  therefore 
brethren,  that  the  best  way  to  serve  God  is  to  serve 
man,  and  that  a man’s  habitual  conduct  toward  fel- 
lowmen  is  the  best  available  test  of  the  practical  value 
of  his  religious  convictions. 

There  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  Japanese  field  is 
wide  open  for  the  advent  of  a simple,  rational  form 
of  Christianity;  and  it  is  also  clear  that  the  educated 
Japanese  are  in  search  of  religious  motives  adequate 
to  keep  the  lives  of  their  children  pure  and  strong,  and 
to  inspire  the  nation  with  the  love  of  truth,  and  the 
expectation  of  unlimited  human  progress  toward  uni- 
versal justice  and  goodwill. 

14 


UST  OF  PUBLICATIONS 

Nos.  1-54,  inclusive  (April,  1907,  to  May,  1912).  Including  papers 
by  Baron  d’Estoumelles  de  Constant,  George  Trumbull  Ladd,  Elihu 
Root,  Barrett  Wendell,  Charles  E.  Jefferson,  Seth  Low,  William 
James,  Andrew  Carnegie,  Philander  C.  Knox,  Pope  Pius  X,  Heinrich 
Lammasch,  Norman  Angell,  and  others.  A list  of  titles  and  authors 
will  be  sent  on  application. 

55.  The  International  Mind,  by  Nicholas  Murray  Butler,  June, 
1912. 

56.  Science  as  an  Element  in  the  Developing  of  International 
Good  Will,  by  Sir  Oliver  Lodge,  July,  1912. 

57.  The  Interest  of  the  Wage-earner  in  the  Present  Status  of  the 
Peace  Movement,  by  Charles  Patrick  Neill,  August,  1912. 

58.  The  Relation  of  Social  Theory  to  Public  Policy,  by  Franklin 
H.  Giddings,  September,  1912. 

59.  The  Double  Standard  in  Regard  to  Fighting,  by  George  M. 
Stratton,  October,  1912. 

60.  As  to  Two  Battleships.  Debate  upon  the  Naval  Appropria- 
tion Bill,  House  of  Representatives,  November,  1912. 

61.  The  Cosmopolitan  Club  Movement,  by  Louis  P.  Lochner, 
December,  1912. 

62.  The  Spirit  of  Self-Government,  by  Elihu  Root,  January,  1913. 

63.  The  Panama  Canal  Tolls,  by  William  Howard  Taft  and 
Amos  S.  Hershey,  February,  1913. 

Special  Bulletin:  Who  Makes  War?  From  the  London  Times, 
February,  1913. 

64.  Internationalism;  A Selected  List  of  Books,  Pamphlets  and 
Periodicals,  by  Frederick  C.  Hicks,  March,  1913. 

65.  The  Interparliamentary  Union,  by  Christian  L.  Lange, 
April,  1913. 

Special  Bulletin:  On  Naval  Armaments,  by  Rt.  Hon.  Winston 
Churchill,  April,  1913. 

66.  The  Press  and  World  Peace,  by  W.  C.  Deming,  May,  1913. 

Special  Bulletin:  Profit  and  Patriotism,  and  Money-Making  and 

War,  reprints.  May,  1913. 

67.  Music  as  an  International  Language,  by  Daniel  Gregory 
Mason,  June,  1913. 

68.  American  Love  of  Peace  and  European  Skepticism,  by  Paul 
S.  Reinsch,  July,  1913. 

69.  The  Relations  of  Brazil  with  the  United  States,  by  Manoel 
de  Oliveira  Lima,  August,  1913. 

70.  Arbitration  and  International  Politics,  by  Randolph  S. 
Bourne,  September,  1913. 

71.  Japanese  Characteristics,  by  Charles  William  Eliot,  October, 
1913- 

Up  to  the  limit  of  the  editions  printed,  any  one  of  the  above  will  be 
sent  postpaid  upon  receipt  of  a request  addressed  to  the  Secretary  of 
the  American  Association  for  International  Conciliation,  Postoffice 
Sub-station  84,  New  York,  N.  Y. 


COUNCIL  OF  DIRECTION  OF  THE 
AMERICAN  ASSOCIATION  FOR  INTERNATIONAL  CONCILIATION 


Lyman  Abbott,  New  York. 

Charles  Francis  Adams,  Boston. 

Edwin  A.  Alderman,  Charlottesville,  Va. 
Robert  Bacon,  New  York. 

Richard  Bartholdt,  St.  Loots,  Mo. 
George  Bldmenthal,  New  York. 

Clieton  R.  Breckenridge,  Fort  Smith, 
Arkansas. 

William  J.  Bryan,  Lincoln,  Neb. 

T.  E.  Burton,  Cleveland,  Ohio. 

Nicholas  Murray  Butler,  New  York. 
Andrew  Carnegie,  New  York. 

Edward  Cary,  New  York. 

Joseph  H.  Choate,  New  York. 

Richard  H.  Dana,  Boston,  Mass. 

Arthur  L.  Dasher,  Macon,  Ga. 

Horace  E.  Deming,  New  York. 

Charles  W.  Eliot,  Cambridge,  Mass. 

John  W.  Foster,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Robert  A.  Franks,  Orange,  N.  J. 

Robert  Garrett,  Baltimore,  Md. 

John  Arthur  Greene,  New  York. 

James  M.  Greenwood,  Kansas  City,  Mo. 
Franklin  H.  Head,  Chicago,  III. 

William  J.  Holland,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 
Hamilton  Holt,  New  York. 

David  Starr  Jordan,  Stanford  University, 
Cal. 

J.  H.  Kirkland,  Nashville,  Tenn. 

Adolph  Lewisohn,  New  York. 

Seth  Low,  New  York. 


Clarence  H.  Mackay,  New  York. 

Theodore  Marburg,  Brussels,  Belgium. 
Brander  Matthews,  New  York. 

Shas  McBee,  New  York. 

George  B.  McClellan,  Princeton,  N.  J. 
Andrew  J.  Montague,  Richmond,  Va. 

W.  W.  Morrow,  San  Francisco,  Cal. 

Levi  P.  Morton,  New  York. 

Stephen  H.  Olin,  New  York. 

Henry  S.  Pritchett,  New  York. 

A.  V.  V.  Raymond,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 

Ira  Remsen,  Baltimore,  Md. 

James  Ford  Rhodes,  Boston,  Mass. 

Howard  J.  Rogers,  Albany,  N.  Y. 

Euhu  Root,  Washington,  D.  C. 

J.  G.  ScHURMAN,  Ithaca,  N.  Y. 

James  Brown  Scott,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Isaac  N.  Seligman,  New  York. 

F.  J.  V.  Skiff,  Chicago,  III. 

William  M.  Sloane,  New  York. 

James  Speyer,  New  York. 

Oscar  S.  Straus,  New  York. 

Mrs.  Mary  Wood  Swift,  Berkeley,  Cal. 
George  W.  Taylor,  Demopolis,  Ala. 

O.  H.  Tittman,  Washington,  D.  C. 

W.  H.  Tolman,  New  York. 

Charlemagne  Tower,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Benjamin  F.  Trueblood,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Edward  Tuck,  Paris,  France. 

George  E.  Vincent,  Minneapolis,  Minn. 
WiLUAM  D.  Wheelwright,  Portland,  Ore. 


EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE 

Nicholas  Murray  Butler  Stephen  Henry  Olin 

Richard  Bartholdi  Seth  Low 

Lyman  Abbott  Robert  A.  Franks 

James  Speyer  George  Blumenthal 

Robert  Bacon 

Secretary 

Frederick  P.  Keppel 


Assistant  Secretary  for  the  Southern  States 

Dunbar  Rowland 


Correspondents:  Alfred  H.  Fried,  Vienna,  Austria;  Francis  W.  Hirst,  London,  Eng- 
land; T.  Miyaoka,  Tokyo,  Japan;  Wilhelm  Paszkowski,  Berlin,  Germany. 

CONCILIATION  INTERNATIONALE 

78  BIS  Avenue  Henri  Martin,  Paris  XVI®,  France 
President  Fondateur:  Baron  D’Estournelles  de  Constant 
Honorary  Presidents:  Berthelot  and  Leon  Bourgeois,  Senators 
Secretaries  General:  A.  Metin  and  Jules  Rais 
Treasurer:  Albert  Kahn 

VERBAND  FUR  INTERNATIONALE  VERSTANDIGUNG 

Presidents 

Professor  Dr.  Karl  Ludwig  von  Bar 

Gottingen 

Professor  Dr.  Otfried  Nippold,  Professor  Dr.  Walther  Schucking, 

Oberursel  am  Taunus  Marburg  a.  L. 

WORLD  FRIENDSHIP  SOCIETY 

British  Branch  of  Conciliation  Internationale 
Rt.  Hon.  Sir  Vesey  Strong,  President.  Browning  Hall,  Walworth  S.  E.,  London. 


